Salivary glands play an essential role in maintaining oral health and supporting digestion. These small but mighty structures produce saliva, which not only helps break down food but also protects your teeth and keeps your mouth moist. While they typically work silently in the background, any disruption in salivary gland function can lead to discomfort, infection, and other medical concerns.
In this guide, we’ll explore the anatomy of the salivary glands, common conditions that affect them, how they’re diagnosed, and the treatments available, from conservative approaches to advanced surgical solutions.
Where are the salivary glands located?
The body has several salivary glands, but three primary pairs are responsible for producing most of the saliva:
Parotid glands
Located near the ears and along the jawline, these are the largest salivary glands. They are most active during meals, producing watery saliva that aids in digestion.
Submandibular glands
Found beneath the lower jaw, these glands generate the majority of the mouth’s saliva. Their ducts open into the floor of the mouth, playing a central role in moisture balance and enzymatic breakdown of food.
Sublingual glands
Positioned under the tongue, the smallest of the major salivary glands produce thick, mucous-rich saliva. This secretion helps lubricate the mouth and assists with speech and swallowing.
Together, these glands ensure a healthy, functioning oral environment and digestive system.
Common salivary glands conditions and treatment
Despite their vital role, salivary glands are susceptible to a variety of disorders, ranging from blockages to tumors. Here’s an overview of the most common problems:
Salivary stones (sialolithiasis)
Salivary stones form when minerals accumulate and block the flow of saliva. This can cause sudden pain and swelling, especially when eating.
Treatment
Minimally invasive sialendoscopy is often used to locate and remove the stone without an incision.
Gland infections (sialadenitis)
When saliva flow slows down due to dehydration, illness, or blockages, bacteria can multiply and cause infection. Symptoms may include swelling, redness, pus discharge, and fever.
Treatment
Antibiotics are prescribed for bacterial infections. Hydration, warm compresses, and massage may help in milder cases. Chronic infections may require surgical intervention.
Tumors of the salivary glands
Both benign and malignant tumors can develop in these glands. Typically painless at first, tumors often appear as lumps under the jaw or near the ear.
Treatment
Benign growths are usually surgically removed to prevent complications. Malignant tumors may require more extensive surgery followed by radiation therapy.
Mucoceles and ranulas
These cyst-like swellings form when saliva backs up due to a blocked duct. Mucoceles are commonly seen on the inner lip, while ranulas develop under the tongue and may interfere with eating or speaking.
Treatment
Small mucoceles may resolve on their own, but persistent or large lesions generally require surgical removal. Ranulas often call for marsupialization or excision.
How are salivary gland disorders diagnosed?
Proper diagnosis is essential for determining the most effective treatment. ENT specialists may use one or more of the following diagnostic tools:
- Ultrasound: A safe and painless imaging method ideal for detecting stones and cysts.
- CT or MRI Scans: Provide detailed anatomical views, especially useful for tumors or deep infections.
- Sialendoscopy: Allows for direct examination of the ducts using a tiny camera, often enabling immediate treatment.
- Biopsy: If a tumor is suspected, a tissue sample is taken to assess for cancer.
Early diagnosis leads to better outcomes
Persistent swelling, mouth dryness, pain while eating, or noticeable lumps should not be ignored. These symptoms could indicate a salivary gland disorder requiring professional care. An ENT specialist can evaluate your condition, recommend appropriate testing, and offer advanced treatment options tailored to your needs.
Don’t wait for symptoms to worsen. Find a local ENT specialist today to restore your comfort and protect your health.